Reported causes can be grouped into standard related causes (slow development of standards, stability, complexity, cost, quality/ontological problems), organization related causes (lack of direct financial incentives, organizational readiness, resistance to change) and business environment related causes (legal aspects, level of adoption, limited governmental enforcement and a lack of dominant actors in the process industry). Since information hand-over between asset life cycle phases is important, lack of information standardization suggests that collaboration costs are higher than necessary. The investigation shows that the process industry appears to have had only limited success in introducing such standards so far, despite significant efforts. In this article the use of asset information standards for collaboration in the process industry is reviewed based on a survey of the literature and two case studies.
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